Accuracy Assessment of UAV–LiDAR Integrated LOD 3 Housing Models: A Case Study in Darul Hana, Kuching

Abstract

This study evaluates the accuracy of a 3D housing model (LOD 3) developed for the Darul Hana residential area in Kuching, Sarawak, using an integrated approach of UAV photogrammetry and Mobile LiDAR scanning. The primary objective is to assess the reliability of digital measurements extracted from the model by comparing them with field measurements obtained using a distometer. The 3D model was generated through structure-from-motion and LiDAR data integration. The comparison results indicate a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of ±1.33 m, influenced by several outliers. While this level of accuracy may not meet the requirements for high-precision surveying applications, it is acceptable for visualization, documentation, and preliminary planning at the housing scale. The results demonstrate an effective workflow for housing-scale 3D modelling, with digital measurements extracted using ACUTE software.